Each component in a stereo system performs a specific function toward providing the audio that you listen to. Even boxed stereo systems have a number of components at work. While each system is slightly different, the same set of components are present.
Audio Source Components
Audio sources are the first part of the stereo chain. These will vary depending upon what media one plays on his stereo, but some examples are a CD player, a digital music player and a television connected to the stereo. The source components connect to the preamplifier.
Preamplifier
The preamplifier may be present as a separate component, or it may be part of a receiver or integrated amplifier depending upon what equipment is being used. The preamplifier is the primary control unit of the stereo. It reads and processes the audio signal sent from an audio source component and then sends it to the amplifier. Preamps accept line-level signals from components, but some also include phono inputs to accept low-level signals from components, such as phonographs. They then boost the signal to line level and send it to the amplifier.
Amplifier
Like the preamplifier, amplifiers can be independent components or integrated parts of receivers and integrated amps. In order to physically move the speakers' drivers and to produce sound, a more powerful signal is needed than can be provided by a source component or preamplifier. This is why you need a receiver or amp and can't just connect your CD player to your speakers. The amplifier(s) gets the signal from the preamplifier, powers it up and then sends it out to the left and right speakers.
Receiver and Integrated Amps
A stereo receiver is a comprehensive component that includes not only a preamplifier and amplifier packaged in one housing but also a radio tuner for radio reception. An integrated amplifier includes both an amplifier and preamplifier but no tuner.
Speakers
Components often only refer to the equipment listed above, but to give a fuller picture, we'll include speakers in the mix. The speakers are the most visible and audible part of the stereo system. Most commonly, they use an electromagnetic driver or several drivers to convert the electrical signal sent from the amplifier into audible sound waves.
Subwoofers
Subwoofers augment the low frequency capabilities of your speakers. Most speakers don't provide the deepest of bass, and subwoofers have large drivers made specifically for this purpose. Subwoofers can be powered or passive.
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